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Euler-Mascheroni constant - -

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Euler-Mascheroni Constant

The Euler-Mascheroni constant , sometimes also called the Euler constant (but not to be confused with the constant ) is defined as the limit of the sequence (1) (2) where is a harmonic number (Graham et al. 1994, p. 278). It was first defined by Euler  (1735), who used the letter and stated that is was "worthy of serious consideration" (Havil 2003, pp. xx and 51). The symbol was first used by Mascheroni  (1790). has the numerical value (3) (Sloane's A001620), and is implemented in Mathematica as EulerGamma. It was calculated to 16 digits by Euler in 1781 and to 32 decimal places by Mascheroni (1790), although only the first 19 decimal places were correct. It was subsequently computed to 40 correct decimal placed by Soldner in 1809 and verified by Gauss and Nicolai in 1812 (Havil 2003, pp. 89-90). No quadratically converging algorithm for computing is known (Bailey 1988). X. Gourdon and P. Demichel computed a record 108 million digits of in October 1999 (Gourdon and Sebah). It is not known if this constant is irrational, let alone transcendental (Wells 1986, p. 28). The famous English mathematician G. H. Hardy  is alleged to have offered to give up his chair at Oxford to anyone who proved to be irrational (Havil 2003, p. 52), although no written reference for this quote seems to be known. Hilbert mentioned the irrationality of as an unsolved problem that seems "unapproachable" and in front of which mathematicians stand helpless (Havil 2003, p. 97). Conway and Guy (1996) are "prepared to bet that it is transcendental," although they do not expect a proof to be achieved within their lifetimes. If is a simple fraction , then it is known that (Brent 1977; Wells 1986, p. 28), which was subsequently improved by T. Papanikolaou to (Havil 2003, p. 97). The Euler-Mascheroni constant arises in many integrals (4) (5) (6) (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 246) and (7) (Sondow 2003, 2005; Borwein et al. 2004, p. 49). An interesting analog of equation (◇) is given by (8) (9) (10) (Sloane's A094640; Sondow 2005). is also given by Mertens theorem (11) where the product is over primes . By taking the logarithm of both sides, an explicit formula for is obtained, (12) It is also given by series (13) due to Euler, which follows from equation (1) by first replacing by , which works since (14) and then substituting the telescoping sum (15) for , which is its sum since again (16) obtaining (17) (18) which equals equation (◇). Other series include (19) (20) (Gourdon and Sebah 2003, p. 3), where is the Riemann zeta function, and (21) (Vacca 1910, Gerst 1969), where lg is the logarithm to base 2 and is the floor function. Nielsen (1897) earlier gave a series equivalent to (◇), (22) To see the equivalence of (◇) with (◇), expand (23) and add (24) to Nielsen's equation to get Vacca's formula. The sums (25) (26) (Gosper 1972, with replacing the undefined ; Bailey and Crandall 2001) can be obtained from equation (◇) by rewriting as a double series, then applying Euler's series transformation to each of these series and adding to get equation (◇). Here, is a binomial coefficient, and rearranging the conditionally convergent series is permitted because the plus and minus terms can first be grouped in pairs, the resulting series of positive numbers rearranged, and then the series ungrouped back to plus and minus terms. The double series (◇) is equivalent to Catalan's integral (27) To see the equivalence, expand in a geometric series, multiply by , and integrate termwise (Sondow and Zudilin 2003). Other series for include (28) (Flajolet and Vardi 1996), and (29) (Bailey 1988), which is an improvement over Sweeney (1963). A rapidly converging limit for is given by (30) (31) where is a Bernoulli number (C. Stingley, pers. comm., July 11, 2003). Another limit formula is given by (32) (P. Walker, pers. comm., Mar. 17, 2004). Another connection with the primes was provided by Dirichlet's  1838 proof that the average number of divisors of all numbers from 1 to is asymptotic to (33) (Conway and Guy 1996). de la Vallée Poussin (1898) proved that, if a large number is divided by all primes , then the average amount by which the quotient is less than the next whole number is . An elegant identity for is given by (34) where is a modified Bessel function of the first kind, is a modified Bessel function of the second kind, and (35) where is a harmonic number (Borwein and Borwein 1987, p. 336; Borwein and Bailey 2003, p. 138). This gives an efficient iterative algorithm for by computing (36) (37) (38) (39) with , , , and (Borwein and Bailey 2003, pp. 138-139). Reformulating this identity gives the limit (40) (Brent and McMillan 1980; Trott 2004, p. 21). Infinite products involving also arise from the Barnes G-function with positive integer . The cases and give (41) (42) The Euler-Mascheroni constant is also given by the expressions (43) (44) where is the digamma function (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 236), (45) (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 271), the antisymmetric limit form (46) (Sondow 1998), and (47) (Le Lionnais 1983). The difference between the th convergent in equation (◇) and is given by (48) where is the floor function, and satisfies the inequality (49) (Young 1991). The symbol is sometimes also used for (50) (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000, p. xxvii). Sondow (2004a) has derived the curious radical representation (51) which can be written explicitly as (52) with a binomial coefficient. Another proof of product (◇) is given in Sondow (2004), as well as an explanation for the resemblance between this product and the "faster product for " The values obtained after inclusion of the first terms are plotted above. A curious sum limit converging to is given by (53) (Havil 2003, p. 113). The continued fraction of the Euler-Mascheroni constant is [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 13, 5, 1, 1, 8, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 40, ...] (Sloane's A002852). The first few convergents are 1, 1/2, 3/5, 4/7, 11/19, 15/26, 71/123, 228/395, 3035/5258, 15403/26685, ... (Sloane's A046114 and A046115). The positions at which the digits 1, 2, ... first occur in the continued fraction are 2, 4, 9, 8, 11, 69, 24, 14, 139, 52, 22, ... (Sloane's A033149). The sequence of largest terms in the continued fraction is 1, 2, 4, 13, 40, 49, 65, 399, 2076, ... (Sloane's A033091), which occur at positions 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 31, 34, 40, 529, ... (Sloane's A033092). Let the continued fraction of be denoted and let the denominators of the convergents be denoted , , ..., . Then plots above show successive values of , , , which appear to converge to Khinchin's constant (left figure) and , which appear to converge to the Khinchin-Lévy constant (right figure), although neither of these limits has been rigorously established. The Engel expansion of is given by 2, 7, 13, 19, 85, 2601, 9602, 46268, 4812284, ... (Sloane's A053977). SEE ALSO: Euler-Mascheroni Constant Approximations, Euler Product, Hadjicostas's Formula, Jeep Problem, Mertens Theorem, Stieltjes Constants. [Pages Linking Here] RELATED WOLFRAM SITES: http://functions.wolfram.com/Constants/EulerGamma/ REFERENCES: Anastassow, T. Die Mascheroni'sche Konstante: Eine historisch-analytisch zusammenfassende Studie. Thesis. Bonn, Germany: Universität Bonn. Wetzikon: J. Wirz, 1914. Bailey, D. H. "Numerical Results on the Transcendence of Constants Involving , , and Euler's Constant." Math. Comput. 50, 275-281, 1988. Bailey, D. H. and Crandall, R. E. "Random Generators and Normal Numbers." To appear in Exper. Math. Preprint dated Feb. 22, 2003 available at http://www.nersc.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/bcnormal.pdf. Borwein, J. and Bailey, D. Mathematics by Experiment: Plausible Reasoning in the 21st Century. Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, 2003. Borwein, J.; Bailey, D.; and Girgensohn, R. Experimentation in Mathematics: Computational Paths to Discovery. Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, 2004. Borwein, J. and Borwein, P. B. Pi & the AGM: A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity. New York: Wiley, 1987. Brent, R. P. "Computation of the Regular Continued Fraction for Euler's Constant." Math. Comput. 31, 771-777, 1977. Brent, R. P. and McMillan, E. M. "Some New Algorithms for High-Precision Computation of Euler's Constant." Math. Comput. 34, 305-312, 1980. Castellanos, D. "The Ubiquitous Pi. Part I." Math. Mag. 61, 67-98, 1988. Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. "The Euler-Mascheroni Number." In The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 260-261, 1996. de la Vallée Poussin, C.-J. Untitled communication. Annales de la Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 22, 84-90, 1898. DeTemple, D. W. "A Quicker Convergence to Euler's Constant." Amer. Math. Monthly 100, 468-470, 1993. Dirichlet, G. L. "Sur l'usage des séries infinies dans la théorie des nombres." J. reine angew. Math. 18, 259-274, 1838. Erdélyi, A.; Magnus, W.; Oberhettinger, F.; and Tricomi, F. G. Higher Transcendental Functions, Vol. 1. New York: Krieger, p. 1, 1981. Euler, L. "De Progressionibus harmonicus observationes." Commentarii Academiæ Scientarum Imperialis Petropolitanæ 7-1734, 150-161, 1735. Finch, S. R. "Euler-Mascheroni Constant." §1.5 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 28-40, 2003. Flajolet, P. and Vardi, I. "Zeta Function Expansions of Classical Constants." Unpublished manuscript, 1996. http://pauillac.inria.fr/algo/flajolet/Publications/landau.ps. Gerst, I. "Some Series for Euler's Constant." Amer. Math. Monthly 76, 273-275, 1969. Glaisher, J. W. L. "On the History of Euler's Constant." Messenger Math. 1, 25-30, 1872. Gosper, R. W. Item 120 in Beeler, M.; Gosper, R. W.; and Schroeppel, R. HAKMEM. Cambridge, MA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Memo AIM-239, p. 55, Feb. 1972. http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/hbaker/hakmem/series.html#item120. Gourdon, X. and Sebah, P. "The Euler Constant: ." http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Gamma/gamma.html. Gourdon, X. and Sebah, P. "A Collection of Formulae for the Euler Constant." Feb. 12, 2003. http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Gamma/gammaFormulas.pdf. Gradshteyn, I. S. and Ryzhik, I. M. Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products, 6th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000. Graham, R. L.; Knuth, D. E.; and Patashnik, O. Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994. Havil, J. Gamma: Exploring Euler's Constant. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. Knuth, D. E. "Euler's Constant to 1271 Places." Math. Comput. 16, 275-281, 1962. Krantz, S. G. "The Euler-Mascheroni Constant." §13.1.7 in Handbook of Complex Variables. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, pp. 156-157, 1999. Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables. Paris: Hermann, p. 28, 1983. Mascheroni, L. Adnotationes ad calculum integralem Euleri, Vol. 1 and 2. Ticino, Italy, 1790 and 1792. Reprinted in Euler, L. Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia, Ser. 1, Vol. 12. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner, pp. 415-542, 1915. Nielsen, N. "Een Raekke for Euler's Konstant." Nyt. Tidss. for Math. 8B, 10-12, 1897. Plouffe, S. "Table of Current Records for the Computation of Constants." http://pi.lacim.uqam.ca/eng/records_en.html. Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A001620/M3755, A002852/M0097, A033091, A033092, A033149, A046114, A046115, A053977, and A094640 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences." Sondow, J. "An Antisymmetric Formula for Euler's Constant." Math. Mag. 71, 219-220, 1998. Sondow, J. "Criteria for Irrationality of Euler's Constant." Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 131, 3335-3344, 2003. http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NT/0209070/. Sondow, J. "An Infinite Product for via Hypergeometric Formulas for Euler's Constant, ." Submitted to Math. Mag. 2004a. http://arxiv.org/abs/math.CA/0306008/. Sondow, J. "A Faster Product for and a New Integral for ." Accepted by Amer. Math. Monthly. 2004c. http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NT/0401406. Sondow, J. "Double Integrals for Euler's Constant and and an Analog of Hadjicostas's Formula." Amer. Math. Monthly 112, 61-65, 2005. Sondow, J. and Zudilin, W. "Euler's Constant, -Logarithms, and Formulas of Ramanujan and Gosper." To appear in The Ramanujan J. 2 Apr 2003. http://arXiv.org/abs/math.NT/0304021. Sweeney, D. W. "On the Computation of Euler's Constant." Math. Comput. 17, 170-178, 1963. Vacca, G. "A New Series for the Eulerian Constant." Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. 41, 363-368, 1910. Trott, M. The Mathematica GuideBook for Programming. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004. http://www.mathematicaguidebooks.org/. Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, p. 28, 1986. Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N. A Course in Modern Analysis, 4th ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 235-236, 246, and 271, 1990. Young, R. M. "Euler's Constant." Math. Gaz. 75, 187-190, 1991. CITE THIS AS: Eric W. Weisstein. "Euler-Mascheroni Constant." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Euler-MascheroniConstant.html © 1999 CRC Press LLC, © 1999-2005 Wolfram Research, Inc. | Terms of Use

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